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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Python (programming language)</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption class="summary">Python</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<a href="/wiki/File:Python_logo_and_wordmark.svg" class="image"><img alt="Python logo and wordmark.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Python_logo_and_wordmark.svg/200px-Python_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png" width="200" height="59" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Python_logo_and_wordmark.svg/300px-Python_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Python_logo_and_wordmark.svg/400px-Python_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="144" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td>
<a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflective programming">reflective</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td>
<a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="organiser">
<a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">First appeared</th><td>
1990<span class="noprint">; 28 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1990</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-guttag_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guttag-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td>
<div style="margin:0px;">3.7.0 / 27 June 2018<span class="noprint">; 2 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2018-06-27</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><br />2.7.15 / 1 May 2018<span class="noprint">; 3 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2018-05-01</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td>
<p><a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">Duck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong typing">strong</a>
<b>since version 3.5:</b>
</p>
<a href="/wiki/Gradual_typing" title="Gradual typing">Gradual</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td>
<a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td>
.py, .pyc, .pyd, .pyo (prior to 3.5),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> .pyw, .pyz (since 3.5)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Website</th><td>
<span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/">www<wbr />.python<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a>, <a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numba" title="Numba">Numba</a>, <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a>, <a href="/wiki/RPython" class="mw-redirect" title="RPython">RPython</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-faq-created_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-created-7">[7]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98-interview_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98-interview-8">[8]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-1-9">[9]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-classmix_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classmix-10">[10]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-effbot-call-by-object_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-effbot-call-by-object-11">[11]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-2-12">[12]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-3-13">[13]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Icon_(programming_language)" title="Icon (programming language)">Icon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-4-14">[14]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-5-15">[15]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-6_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-6-16">[16]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Modula-3" title="Modula-3">Modula-3</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-classmix_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classmix-10">[10]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a>, <a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falcon_(programming_language)" title="Falcon (programming language)">Falcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genie_(programming_language)" title="Genie (programming language)">Genie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Groovy" title="Apache Groovy">Apache Groovy</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Julia_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julia-21">[21]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(programming_language)" title="Ring (programming language)">Ring</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages-22">[22]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bini_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bini-23">[23]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a><sup id="cite_ref-lattner2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lattner2014-24">[24]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="hlist" style="text-align:center;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Python Programming">Python Programming</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Python</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Interpreted_language" title="Interpreted language">interpreted</a> <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming language</a> for <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose programming</a>. Created by <a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a> and first released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy that emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Code_readability" class="mw-redirect" title="Code readability">code readability</a>, notably using <a href="/wiki/Significant_whitespace" class="mw-redirect" title="Significant whitespace">significant whitespace</a>. It provides constructs that enable clear programming on both small and large scales.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-7_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-7-25">[25]</a></sup> In July 2018, Van Rossum stepped down as the leader in the language community after 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>Python features a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic type">dynamic type</a> system and automatic <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a>. It supports multiple <a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">programming paradigms</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, and has a large and comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Standard_library" title="Standard library">standard library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>Python interpreters are available for many <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>. <a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reference_implementation" title="Reference implementation">reference implementation</a> of Python, is <a href="/wiki/Open_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source">open source</a> software<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> and has a community-based development model, as do nearly all of Python's other implementations. Python and CPython are managed by the non-profit <a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Features_and_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Features and philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Syntax_and_semantics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax and semantics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Indentation"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Indentation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Statements_and_control_flow"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Statements and control flow</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Expressions"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Expressions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Methods"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Methods</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Typing"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Typing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Mathematics"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Mathematics</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Libraries"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Libraries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Development_environments"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Development environments</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Implementations"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Implementations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Reference_implementation"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reference implementation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Other_implementations"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other implementations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Unsupported_implementations"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Unsupported implementations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Cross-compilers_to_other_languages"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Cross-compilers to other languages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Performance"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Performance</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Development"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Development</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Naming"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Naming</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Uses"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Uses</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Languages_influenced_by_Python"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Languages influenced by Python</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006.jpg/220px-Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006.jpg" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006.jpg/330px-Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006.jpg/440px-Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a>, the creator of Python</div></div></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Python" title="History of Python">History of Python</a></div>
<p>Python was conceived in the late 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-venners-interview-pt-1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venners-interview-pt-1-30">[30]</a></sup> and its implementation began in December 1989<sup id="cite_ref-timeline-of-python_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-of-python-31">[31]</a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Centrum_Wiskunde_%26_Informatica" title="Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica">Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica</a> (CWI) in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> as a successor to the <a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC language</a> (itself inspired by <a href="/wiki/SETL" title="SETL">SETL</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-12_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-12-32">[32]</a></sup> capable of <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a> and interfacing with the <a href="/wiki/Amoeba_(operating_system)" title="Amoeba (operating system)">Amoeba</a> operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-faq-created_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-created-7">[7]</a></sup> Van Rossum remains Python's principal author. His continuing central role in Python's development is reflected in the title given to him by the Python community: <i><a href="/wiki/Benevolent_Dictator_For_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Benevolent Dictator For Life">Benevolent Dictator For Life</a></i> (BDFL) – a post from which he gave himself permanent vacation on July 12, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-lj-bdfl-resignation_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lj-bdfl-resignation-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>On the origins of Python, Van Rossum wrote in 1996:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r856303468">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...In December 1989, I was looking for a "hobby" programming project that would keep me occupied during the week around Christmas. My office ... would be closed, but I had a home computer, and not much else on my hands. I decided to write an interpreter for the new scripting language I had been thinking about lately: a descendant of <a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a> that would appeal to <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>/<a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (programmer subculture)">hackers</a>. I chose Python as a working title for the project, being in a slightly irreverent mood (and a big fan of <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a></i>). </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Guido van Rossum</cite></div>
</blockquote>
<p>Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000 and had many major new features, including a <a href="/wiki/Cycle_detection" title="Cycle detection">cycle-detecting</a> <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collector</a> and support for <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. With this release, the development process became more transparent and community-backed.<sup id="cite_ref-newin-2.0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newin-2.0-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>Python 3.0 (initially called Python 3000 or py3k) was released on 3 December 2008 after a long testing period. It is a major revision of the language that is not completely <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward-compatible</a> with previous versions.<sup id="cite_ref-3.0-release_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3.0-release-36">[36]</a></sup> However, many of its major features have been <a href="/wiki/Backporting" title="Backporting">backported</a> to the Python 2.6.x<sup id="cite_ref-pep-3000_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep-3000-37">[37]</a></sup> and 2.7.x version series, and releases of Python 3 include the <code>2to3</code> utility, which automates the translation of Python 2 code to Python 3.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>Python 2.7's <a href="/wiki/End-of-life_(product)" title="End-of-life (product)">end-of-life</a> date was initially set at 2015, then postponed to 2020 out of concern that a large body of existing code could not easily be forward-ported to Python 3.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> In January 2017, Google announced work on a Python 2.7 to <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> <a href="/wiki/Transcompiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcompiler">transcompiler</a> to improve performance under concurrent workloads.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Features_and_philosophy">Features and philosophy</span></h2>
<p>Python is a <a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm programming language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a> are fully supported, and many of its features support <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">aspect-oriented programming</a> (including by <a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-13_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-13-42">[42]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Metaobject" title="Metaobject">metaobjects</a> (magic methods)).<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-14_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-14-43">[43]</a></sup> Many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including <a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">design by contract</a><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-15_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-15-44">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-16_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-16-45">[45]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic programming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-17_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-17-46">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p>Python uses <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic typing</a>, and a combination of <a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a> and a cycle-detecting garbage collector for <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a>. It also features dynamic <a href="/wiki/Name_resolution_(programming_languages)" title="Name resolution (programming languages)">name resolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Late_binding" title="Late binding">late binding</a>), which binds method and variable names during program execution.
</p><p>Python's design offers some support for <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> tradition. It has <code>filter()</code>, <code>map()</code>, and <code>reduce()</code> functions; <a href="/wiki/List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">list comprehensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">dictionaries</a>, and sets; and <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)" title="Generator (computer programming)">generator</a> expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-59_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-59-47">[47]</a></sup> The standard library has two modules (itertools and functools) that implement functional tools borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-18_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-18-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>The language's core philosophy is summarized in the document <i>The <a href="/wiki/Zen_of_Python" title="Zen of Python">Zen of Python</a></i> (<i>PEP 20</i>), which includes <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a> such as:<sup id="cite_ref-PEP20_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEP20-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Beautiful is better than ugly</li>
<li>Explicit is better than implicit</li>
<li>Simple is better than complex</li>
<li>Complex is better than complicated</li>
<li>Readability counts</li></ul>
<p>Rather than having all of its functionality built into its core, Python was designed to be highly extensible. This compact modularity has made it particularly popular as a means of adding programmable interfaces to existing applications. Van Rossum's vision of a small core language with a large standard library and easily extensible interpreter stemmed from his frustrations with <a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a>, which espoused the opposite approach.<sup id="cite_ref-venners-interview-pt-1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venners-interview-pt-1-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>While offering choice in coding methodology, the Python philosophy rejects exuberant syntax (such as that of <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>) in favor of a simpler, less-cluttered grammar. As <a href="/wiki/Alex_Martelli" title="Alex Martelli">Alex Martelli</a> put it: "To describe something as 'clever' is <i>not</i> considered a compliment in the Python culture."<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-19_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-19-50">[50]</a></sup> Python's philosophy rejects the Perl "<a href="/wiki/There_is_more_than_one_way_to_do_it" class="mw-redirect" title="There is more than one way to do it">there is more than one way to do it</a>" approach to language design in favor of "there should be one—and preferably only one—obvious way to do it".<sup id="cite_ref-PEP20_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEP20-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>Python's developers strive to avoid <a href="/wiki/Premature_optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature optimization">premature optimization</a>, and reject patches to non-critical parts of CPython that would offer marginal increases in speed at the cost of clarity.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-20_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-20-51">[51]</a></sup> When speed is important, a Python programmer can move time-critical functions to extension modules written in languages such as C, or use <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compiler</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a> is also available, which translates a Python script into C and makes direct C-level API calls into the Python interpreter.
</p><p>An important goal of Python's developers is keeping it fun to use. This is reflected in the language's name—a tribute to the British comedy group <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-24_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-24-52">[52]</a></sup>—and in occasionally playful approaches to tutorials and reference materials, such as examples that refer to spam and eggs (from a <a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" title="Spam (Monty Python)">famous Monty Python sketch</a>) instead of the standard <a href="/wiki/Foobar" title="Foobar">foo and bar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p>A common <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> in the Python community is <i>pythonic</i>, which can have a wide range of meanings related to program style. To say that code is pythonic is to say that it uses Python idioms well, that it is natural or shows fluency in the language, that it conforms with Python's minimalist philosophy and emphasis on readability. In contrast, code that is difficult to understand or reads like a rough transcription from another programming language is called <i>unpythonic</i>.
</p><p>Users and admirers of Python, especially those considered knowledgeable or experienced, are often referred to as <i>Pythonists</i>, <i>Pythonistas</i>, and <i>Pythoneers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-27_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-27-55">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-25_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-25-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax_and_semantics">Syntax and semantics</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics" title="Python syntax and semantics">Python syntax and semantics</a></div>
<p>Python is meant to be an easily readable language. Its formatting is visually uncluttered, and it often uses English keywords where other languages use punctuation. Unlike many other languages, it does not use <a href="/wiki/Curly_bracket_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly bracket programming language">curly brackets</a> to delimit blocks, and semicolons after statements are optional. It has fewer syntactic exceptions and special cases than <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-52_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-52-57">[57]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Indentation">Indentation</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics#Indentation" title="Python syntax and semantics">Python syntax and semantics § Indentation</a></div>
<p>Python uses <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace</a> indentation, rather than <a href="/wiki/Curly_bracket_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly bracket programming language">curly brackets</a> or keywords, to delimit <a href="/wiki/Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">blocks</a>. An increase in indentation comes after certain statements; a decrease in indentation signifies the end of the current block.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-53_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-53-58">[58]</a></sup> Thus, the program's visual structure accurately represents the program's semantic structure.<sup id="cite_ref-guttag_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guttag-1">[1]</a></sup> This feature is also sometimes termed the <a href="/wiki/Off-side_rule" title="Off-side rule">off-side rule</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Statements_and_control_flow">Statements and control flow</span></h3>
<p>Python's <a href="/wiki/Statement_(computer_science)" title="Statement (computer science)">statements</a> include (among others):
</p>
<ul><li>The assignment statement (token '=', the equals sign). This operates differently than in traditional <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative programming</a> languages, and this fundamental mechanism (including the nature of Python's version of <i>variables</i>) illuminates many other features of the language. Assignment in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, e.g., <code>x = 2</code>, translates to "typed variable name x receives a copy of numeric value 2". The (right-hand) value is copied into an <a href="/wiki/Memory_allocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory allocation">allocated storage location</a> for which the (left-hand) <a href="/wiki/Variable_(computer_science)" title="Variable (computer science)">variable name</a> is the symbolic address. The memory allocated to the variable is large enough (potentially quite large) for the declared <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type</a>. In the simplest case of Python assignment, using the same example, <code>x = 2</code>, translates to "(generic) name x receives a <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">reference</a> to a separate, dynamically allocated <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">object</a> of numeric (int) type of value 2." This is termed <i>binding</i> the name to the object. Since the name's storage location doesn't <i>contain</i> the indicated value, it is improper to call it a <i>variable</i>. Names may be subsequently rebound at any time to objects of greatly varying types, including strings, procedures, complex objects with data and methods, etc. Successive assignments of a common value to multiple names, e.g., <code>x = 2</code>; <code>y = 2</code>; <code>z = 2</code> result in allocating storage to (at most) three names and one numeric object, to which all three names are bound. Since a name is a generic reference holder it is unreasonable to associate a fixed <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">data type</a> with it. However at a given time a name will be bound to <i>some</i> object, which <b>will</b> have a type; thus there is <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic type">dynamic typing</a>.</li>
<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/If-then-else" class="mw-redirect" title="If-then-else">if</a></code> statement, which conditionally executes a block of code, along with <code>else</code> and <code>elif</code> (a contraction of else-if).</li>
<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Foreach#Python" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreach">for</a></code> statement, which iterates over an iterable object, capturing each element to a local variable for use by the attached block.</li>
<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/While_loop#Python" title="While loop">while</a></code> statement, which executes a block of code as long as its condition is true.</li>
<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Exception_handling_syntax#Python" title="Exception handling syntax">try</a></code> statement, which allows exceptions raised in its attached code block to be caught and handled by <code>except</code> clauses; it also ensures that clean-up code in a <code>finally</code> block will always be run regardless of how the block exits.</li>
<li>The <code>raise</code> statement, used to raise a specified exception or re-raise a caught exception.</li>
<li>The <code>class</code> statement, which executes a block of code and attaches its local namespace to a <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">class</a>, for use in <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>.</li>
<li>The <code>def</code> statement, which defines a <a href="/wiki/Function_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (computing)">function</a> or <a href="/wiki/Method_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computing)">method</a>.</li>
<li>The <code>with</code> statement, from Python 2.5 released on September 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> which encloses a code block within a context manager (for example, acquiring a <a href="/wiki/Lock_(computer_science)" title="Lock (computer science)">lock</a> before the block of code is run and releasing the lock afterwards, or opening a <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a> and then closing it), allowing <a href="/wiki/Resource_Acquisition_Is_Initialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Acquisition Is Initialization">Resource Acquisition Is Initialization</a> (RAII)-like behavior and replaces a common try/finally idiom.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup></li>
<li>The <code>pass</code> statement, which serves as a <a href="/wiki/NOP" title="NOP">NOP</a>. It is syntactically needed to create an empty code block.</li>
<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Assertion_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assertion (programming)">assert</a></code> statement, used during debugging to check for conditions that ought to apply.</li>
<li>The <code>yield</code> statement, which returns a value from a <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_science)#Python" class="mw-redirect" title="Generator (computer science)">generator</a> function. From Python 2.5, <code>yield</code> is also an operator. This form is used to implement <a href="/wiki/Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutines</a>.</li>
<li>The <code>import</code> statement, which is used to import modules whose functions or variables can be used in the current program. There are three ways of using import: <code>import <module name> [as <alias>]</code> or <code>from <module name> import *</code> or <code>from <module name> import <definition 1> [as <alias 1>], <definition 2> [as <alias 2>], ...</code>.</li>
<li>The <code>print</code> statement was changed to the <code>print()</code> function in Python 3.<sup id="cite_ref-diff_py2-3_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diff_py2-3-61">[61]</a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Python does not support <a href="/wiki/Tail_call" title="Tail call">tail call</a> optimization or <a href="/wiki/First-class_continuations" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class continuations">first-class continuations</a>, and, according to Guido van Rossum, it never will.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-55_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-55-62">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-56_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-56-63">[63]</a></sup> However, better support for <a href="/wiki/Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutine</a>-like functionality is provided in 2.5, by extending Python's <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Generator (computer science)">generators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-57_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-57-64">[64]</a></sup> Before 2.5, generators were <a href="/wiki/Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">lazy</a> <a href="/wiki/Iterator" title="Iterator">iterators</a>; information was passed unidirectionally out of the generator. From Python 2.5, it is possible to pass information back into a generator function, and from Python 3.3, the information can be passed through multiple stack levels.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-58_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-58-65">[65]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Expressions">Expressions</span></h3>
<p>Some Python <a href="/wiki/Expression_(computer_science)" title="Expression (computer science)">expressions</a> are similar to languages such as <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, while some are not:
</p>
<ul><li>Addition, subtraction, and multiplication are the same, but the behavior of division differs. There are two types of divisions in Python. They are floor division and integer division.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> Python also added the <code>**</code> operator for exponentiation.</li>
<li>From Python 3.5, the new <code>@</code> infix operator was introduced. It is intended to be used by libraries such as NumPy for <a href="/wiki/Matrix_multiplication" title="Matrix multiplication">matrix multiplication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PEP465_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEP465-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Python3.5Changelog_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Python3.5Changelog-68">[68]</a></sup></li>
<li>In Python, <code>==</code> compares by value, versus Java, which compares numerics by value<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> and objects by reference.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> (Value comparisons in Java on objects can be performed with the <code>equals()</code> method.) Python's <code>is</code> operator may be used to compare object identities (comparison by reference). In Python, comparisons may be chained, for example <code>a <= b <= c</code>.</li>
<li>Python uses the words <code>and</code>, <code>or</code>, <code>not</code> for its boolean operators rather than the symbolic <code>&&</code>, <code>||</code>, <code>!</code> used in Java and C.</li>
<li>Python has a type of expression termed a <i><a href="/wiki/List_comprehension#Python" title="List comprehension">list comprehension</a></i>. Python 2.4 extended list comprehensions into a more general expression termed a <i><a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Generator (computer science)">generator</a> expression</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-59_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-59-47">[47]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">Anonymous functions</a> are implemented using <a href="/wiki/Lambda_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda (programming)">lambda expressions</a>; however, these are limited in that the body can only be one expression.</li>
<li>Conditional expressions in Python are written as <code>x if c else y</code><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-60_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-60-71">[71]</a></sup> (different in order of operands from the <code><a href="/wiki/%3F:" title="?:">c ? x : y</a></code> operator common to many other languages).</li>
<li>Python makes a distinction between <a href="/wiki/List_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (computer science)">lists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuple" title="Tuple">tuples</a>. Lists are written as <code>[1, 2, 3]</code>, are mutable, and cannot be used as the keys of dictionaries (dictionary keys must be <a href="/wiki/Immutable" class="mw-redirect" title="Immutable">immutable</a> in Python). Tuples are written as <code>(1, 2, 3)</code>, are immutable and thus can be used as the keys of dictionaries, provided all elements of the tuple are immutable. The <code>+</code> operator can be used to concatenate two tuples, which does not directly modify their contents, but rather produces a new tuple containing the elements of both provided tuples. Thus, given the variable <code>t</code> initially equal to <code>(1, 2, 3)</code>, executing <code>t = t + (4, 5)</code> first evaluates <code>t + (4, 5)</code>, which yields <code>(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)</code>, which is then assigned back to <code>t</code>, thereby effectively "modifying the contents" of <code>t</code>, while conforming to the immutable nature of tuple objects. Parentheses are optional for tuples in unambiguous contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup></li>
<li>Python features <i>sequence unpacking</i> where multiple expressions, each evaluating to anything that can be assigned to (a variable, a writable property, etc.), are associated in the identical manner to that forming tuple literals and, as a whole, are put on the left hand side of the equal sign in an assignment statement. The statement expects an <i>iterable</i> object on the right hand side of the equal sign that produces the same number of values as the provided writable expressions when iterated through, and will iterate through it, assigning each of the produced values to the corresponding expression on the left.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li>Python has a "string format" operator <code>%</code>. This functions analogous to <code><a href="/wiki/Printf" class="mw-redirect" title="Printf">printf</a></code> format strings in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, e.g. <code>"spam=%s eggs=%d" % ("blah", 2)</code> evaluates to <code>"spam=blah eggs=2"</code>. In Python 3 and 2.6+, this was supplemented by the <code>format()</code> method of the <code>str</code> class, e.g. <code>"spam={0} eggs={1}".format("blah", 2)</code>. Python 3.6 added "f-strings": <code>blah = "blah"; eggs = 2; f'spam={blah} eggs={eggs}'</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-pep-0498_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep-0498-73">[73]</a></sup></li>
<li>Python has various kinds of <a href="/wiki/String_literal" title="String literal">string literals</a>:
<ul><li>Strings delimited by single or double quote marks. Unlike in <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> and Perl-influenced languages, single quote marks and double quote marks function identically. Both kinds of string use the backslash (<code>\</code>) as an <a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">escape character</a>. <a href="/wiki/String_interpolation" title="String interpolation">String interpolation</a> became available in Python 3.6 as "formatted string literals".<sup id="cite_ref-pep-0498_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep-0498-73">[73]</a></sup></li>
<li>Triple-quoted strings, which begin and end with a series of three single or double quote marks. They may span multiple lines and function like <a href="/wiki/Here_document" title="Here document">here documents</a> in shells, Perl and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raw_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw string">Raw string</a> varieties, denoted by prefixing the string literal with an <code>r</code>. Escape sequences are not interpreted; hence raw strings are useful where literal backslashes are common, such as <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>-style paths. Compare "<code>@</code>-quoting" in <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>.</li></ul></li>
<li>Python has <a href="/wiki/Array_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Array index">array index</a> and <a href="/wiki/Array_slicing" title="Array slicing">array slicing</a> expressions on lists, denoted as <code>a[key]</code>, <code>a[start:stop]</code> or <code>a[start:stop:step]</code>. Indexes are <a href="/wiki/Zero-based" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-based">zero-based</a>, and negative indexes are relative to the end. Slices take elements from the <i>start</i> index up to, but not including, the <i>stop</i> index. The third slice parameter, called <i>step</i> or <i>stride</i>, allows elements to be skipped and reversed. Slice indexes may be omitted, for example <code>a[:]</code> returns a copy of the entire list. Each element of a slice is a <a href="/wiki/Shallow_copy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow copy">shallow copy</a>.</li></ul>
<p>In Python, a distinction between expressions and statements is rigidly enforced, in contrast to languages such as <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>. This leads to duplicating some functionality. For example:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_comprehensions" class="mw-redirect" title="List comprehensions">List comprehensions</a> vs. <code>for</code>-loops</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditional (programming)">Conditional</a> expressions vs. <code>if</code> blocks</li>
<li>The <code>eval()</code> vs. <code>exec()</code> built-in functions (in Python 2, <code>exec</code> is a statement); the former is for expressions, the latter is for statements.</li></ul>
<p>Statements cannot be a part of an expression, so list and other comprehensions or <a href="/wiki/Lambda_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda (programming)">lambda expressions</a>, all being expressions, cannot contain statements. A particular case of this is that an assignment statement such as <code>a = 1</code> cannot form part of the conditional expression of a conditional statement. This has the advantage of avoiding a classic C error of mistaking an assignment operator <code>=</code> for an equality operator <code>==</code> in conditions: <code>if (c = 1) { ... }</code> is syntactically valid (but probably unintended) C code but <code>if c = 1: ...</code> causes a syntax error in Python.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Methods">Methods</span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Method_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (programming)">Methods</a> on objects are <a href="/wiki/Function_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (programming)">functions</a> attached to the object's class; the syntax <code>instance.method(argument)</code> is, for normal methods and functions, <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_sugar" title="Syntactic sugar">syntactic sugar</a> for <code>Class.method(instance, argument)</code>. Python methods have an explicit <code><a href="/wiki/This_(computer_programming)" title="This (computer programming)">self</a></code> parameter to access <a href="/wiki/Instance_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Instance data">instance data</a>, in contrast to the implicit <code>self</code> (or <code>this</code>) in some other object-oriented programming languages (e.g., <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-61_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-61-74">[74]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Typing">Typing</span></h3>
<p>Python uses <a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">duck typing</a> and has typed objects but untyped variable names. Type constraints are not checked at <a href="/wiki/Compile_time" title="Compile time">compile time</a>; rather, operations on an object may fail, signifying that the given object is not of a suitable type. Despite being <a href="/wiki/Type_system#Dynamic_type_checking_and_runtime_type_information" title="Type system">dynamically typed</a>, Python is <a href="/wiki/Strongly_typed_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongly typed programming language">strongly typed</a>, forbidding operations that are not well-defined (for example, adding a number to a string) rather than silently attempting to make sense of them.
</p><p>Python allows programmers to define their own types using <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a>, which are most often used for <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>. New <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">instances</a> of classes are constructed by calling the class (for example, <code>SpamClass()</code> or <code>EggsClass()</code>), and the classes are instances of the <a href="/wiki/Metaclass" title="Metaclass">metaclass</a> <code>type</code> (itself an instance of itself), allowing <a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflection (computer science)">reflection</a>.
</p><p>Before version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes: <i>old-style</i> and <i>new-style</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-classy_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classy-75">[75]</a></sup> The syntax of both styles is the same, the difference being whether the class <code>object</code> is inherited from, directly or indirectly (all new-style classes inherit from <code>object</code> and are instances of <code>type</code>). In versions of Python 2 from Python 2.2 onwards, both kinds of classes can be used. Old-style classes were eliminated in Python 3.0.
</p><p>The long term plan is to support <a href="/wiki/Gradual_typing" title="Gradual typing">gradual typing</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> and from Python 3.5, the syntax of the language allows specifying static types but they are not checked in the default implementation, CPython. An experimental optional static type checker named <i>mypy</i> supports compile-time type checking.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Summary of Python 3's built-in types
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Type
</th>
<th>mutable
</th>
<th>Description
</th>
<th>Syntax example
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>bool</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Boolean_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean value">Boolean value</a>
</td>
<td><code>True</code><br /><code>False</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>bytearray</code>
</td>
<td>mutable
</td>
<td>Sequence of <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a>
</td>
<td><code>bytearray(b'Some ASCII')</code><br /><code>bytearray(b"Some ASCII")</code><br /><code>bytearray([119, 105, 107, 105])</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>bytes</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td>Sequence of bytes
</td>
<td><code>b'Some ASCII'</code><br /><code>b"Some ASCII"</code><br /><code>bytes([119, 105, 107, 105])</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>complex</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">Complex number</a> with real and imaginary parts
</td>
<td><code>3+2.7j</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>dict</code>
</td>
<td>mutable
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">Associative array</a> (or dictionary) of key and value pairs; can contain mixed types (keys and values), keys must be a hashable type
</td>
<td><code>{'key1': 1.0, 3: False}</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ellipsis</code>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>An <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(programming_operator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellipsis (programming operator)">ellipsis</a> placeholder to be used as an index in <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a> arrays
</td>
<td><code>...</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>float</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">Floating point</a> number, system-defined precision
</td>
<td><code>3.1415927</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>frozenset</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td>Unordered <a href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (computer science)">set</a>, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable
</td>
<td><code>frozenset([4.0, 'string', True])</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>int</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">Integer</a> of unlimited magnitude<sup id="cite_ref-pep0237_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep0237-78">[78]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><code>42</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>list</code>
</td>
<td>mutable
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/List_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (computer science)">List</a>, can contain mixed types
</td>
<td><code>[4.0, 'string', True]</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>set</code>
</td>
<td>mutable
</td>
<td>Unordered <a href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (computer science)">set</a>, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable
</td>
<td><code>{4.0, 'string', True}</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>str</code>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">immutable</a>
</td>
<td>A <a href="/wiki/Character_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Character string">character string</a>: sequence of Unicode codepoints
</td>
<td><code>'Wikipedia'</code><br /><code>"Wikipedia"</code><br /><code>"""Spanning<br />multiple<br />lines"""</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>tuple</code>
</td>
<td>immutable
</td>
<td>Can contain mixed types
</td>
<td><code>(4.0, 'string', True)</code>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mathematics">Mathematics</span></h3>
<p>Python has the usual C language arithmetic operators (<code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>%</code>). It also has <code>**</code> for exponentiation, e.g. <code>5**3 == 125</code> and <code>9**0.5 == 3.0</code>, and a new matrix multiply <code>@</code> operator is included in version 3.5.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> Additionally, it has a unary operator (<code>~</code>), which essentially inverts all the bits of its one argument. For integers, this means <code>~x=-x-1</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> Other operators include bitwise shift operators <code>x << y</code>, which shifts <code>x</code> to the left <code>y</code> places, the same as <code>x*(2**y) </code>, and <code>x >> y</code>, which shifts <code>x</code> to the right <code>y</code> places, the same as <code>x//(2**y) </code>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup>
</p><p>The behavior of division has changed significantly over time:<sup id="cite_ref-pep0238_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep0238-82">[82]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title=" (May 2018)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Python 2.1 and earlier use the C division behavior. The <code>/</code> operator is integer division if both operands are integers, and floating-point division otherwise. Integer division rounds towards 0, e.g. <span class="nowrap"><code>7/3 == 2</code></span> and <span class="nowrap"><code>-7/3 == -2</code>.</span></li>
<li>Python 2.2 changes integer division to round towards negative infinity, e.g. <code>7/3 == 2</code> and <code>-7/3 == -3</code>. The floor division <code>//</code> operator is introduced. So <code>7//3 == 2</code>, <code>-7//3 == -3</code>, <code>7.5//3 == 2.0</code> and <code>-7.5//3 == -3.0</code>. Adding <code>from __future__ import division</code> causes a module to use Python 3.0 rules for division (see next).</li>
<li>Python 3.0 changes <code>/</code> to be always floating-point division. In Python terms, the pre-3.0 <code>/</code> is <i>classic division</i>, the version-3.0 <code>/</code> is <i>real division</i>, and <code>//</code> is <i>floor division</i>.</li></ul>
<p>Rounding towards negative infinity, though different from most languages, adds consistency. For instance, it means that the equation <code>(a + b)//b == a//b + 1</code> is always true. It also means that the equation <code>b*(a//b) + a%b == a</code> is valid for both positive and negative values of <code>a</code>. However, maintaining the validity of this equation means that while the result of <code>a%b</code> is, as expected, in the <a href="/wiki/Half-open_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-open interval">half-open interval</a> [0, <i>b</i>), where <code>b</code> is a positive integer, it has to lie in the interval (<i>b</i>, 0] when <code>b</code> is negative.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-62_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-62-83">[83]</a></sup>
</p><p>Python provides a <code>round</code> function for <a href="/wiki/Rounding" title="Rounding">rounding</a> a float to the nearest integer. For <a href="/wiki/Rounding#Tie-breaking" title="Rounding">tie-breaking</a>, versions before 3 use round-away-from-zero: <code>round(0.5)</code> is 1.0, <code>round(-0.5)</code> is −1.0.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-63_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-63-84">[84]</a></sup> Python 3 uses <a href="/wiki/Round_to_even" class="mw-redirect" title="Round to even">round to even</a>: <code>round(1.5)</code> is 2, <code>round(2.5)</code> is 2.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-64_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-64-85">[85]</a></sup>
</p><p>Python allows boolean expressions with multiple equality relations in a manner that is consistent with general use in mathematics. For example, the expression <code>a < b < c</code> tests whether <code>a</code> is less than <code>b</code> and <code>b</code> is less than <code>c</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-65_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-65-86">[86]</a></sup> C-derived languages interpret this expression differently: in C, the expression would first evaluate <code>a < b</code>, resulting in 0 or 1, and that result would then be compared with <code>c</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-CPL_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPL-87">[87]</a></sup>
</p><p>Python has extensive built-in support for <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_precision_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrary precision arithmetic">arbitrary precision arithmetic</a>. Integers are transparently switched from the machine-supported maximum fixed-precision (usually 32 or 64 bits), belonging to the python type <code>int</code>, to arbitrary precision, belonging to the Python type <code>long</code>, where needed. The latter have an "L" suffix in their textual representation.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> (In Python 3, the distinction between the <code>int</code> and <code>long</code> types was eliminated; this behavior is now entirely contained by the <code>int</code> class.) The <code>Decimal</code> type/class in module <code>decimal</code> (since version 2.4) provides decimal floating point numbers to arbitrary precision and several rounding modes.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> The <code>Fraction</code> type in module <code>fractions</code> (since version 2.6) provides arbitrary precision for rational numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup>
</p><p>Due to Python's extensive mathematics library, and the third-party library <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a> that further extends the native capabilities, it is frequently used as a scientific scripting language to aid in problems such as numerical data processing and manipulation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Libraries">Libraries</span></h2>
<p>Python's large <a href="/wiki/Standard_library" title="Standard library">standard library</a>, commonly cited as one of its greatest strengths,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-86_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-86-91">[91]</a></sup> provides tools suited to many tasks. For Internet-facing applications, many standard formats and protocols such as <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> are supported. It includes modules for creating <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a>, connecting to <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator" title="Pseudorandom number generator">generating pseudorandom numbers</a>, arithmetic with arbitrary precision decimals,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-88_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-88-92">[92]</a></sup> manipulating <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">unit testing</a>.
</p><p>Some parts of the standard library are covered by specifications (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Web Server Gateway Interface</a> (WSGI) implementation <code>wsgiref</code> follows PEP 333<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-89_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-89-93">[93]</a></sup>), but most modules are not. They are specified by their code, internal documentation, and test suites (if supplied). However, because most of the standard library is cross-platform Python code, only a few modules need altering or rewriting for variant implementations.
</p><p>As of March 2018,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Python_Package_Index" title="Python Package Index">Python Package Index</a> (PyPI), the official repository for third-party Python software, contains over 130,000<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> packages with a wide range of functionality, including:
</p>
<ul><li>Graphical user interfaces</li>
<li>Web frameworks</li>
<li>Multimedia</li>
<li>Databases</li>
<li>Networking</li>
<li>Test frameworks</li>
<li>Automation</li>
<li>Web scraping<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup></li>
<li>Documentation</li>
<li>System administration</li>
<li>Scientific computing</li>
<li>Text processing</li>
<li>Image processing</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Development_environments">Development environments</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments#Python" title="Comparison of integrated development environments">Comparison of integrated development environments § Python</a></div>
<p>Most Python implementations (including CPython) include a <a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">read–eval–print loop</a> (REPL), permitting them to function as a <a href="/wiki/Command_line_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interpreter">command line interpreter</a> for which the user enters statements sequentially and receives results immediately.
</p><p>Other shells, including <a href="/wiki/IDLE_(Python)" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLE (Python)">IDLE</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>, add further abilities such as auto-completion, session state retention and <a href="/wiki/Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">syntax highlighting</a>.
</p><p>As well as standard desktop <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environments</a> (see Wikipedia's "<a href="/wiki/Python_IDE" class="mw-redirect" title="Python IDE">Python IDE</a>" article), there are <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browser</a>-based IDEs; <a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a> (intended for developing science and math-related Python programs); <a href="/wiki/PythonAnywhere" title="PythonAnywhere">PythonAnywhere</a>, a browser-based IDE and hosting environment; and Canopy IDE, a commercial Python IDE emphasizing scientific computing.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Implementations">Implementations</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software#Python_implementations" title="List of Python software">List of Python software § Python implementations</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reference_implementation">Reference implementation</span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Reference_implementation" title="Reference implementation">reference implementation</a> of Python. It is written in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, meeting the <a href="/wiki/C89_(C_version)" class="mw-redirect" title="C89 (C version)">C89</a> standard with several select <a href="/wiki/C99" title="C99">C99</a> features.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-66_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-66-97">[97]</a></sup> It compiles Python programs into an intermediate <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-67_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-67-98">[98]</a></sup> which is then executed by its <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-68_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-68-99">[99]</a></sup> CPython is distributed with a large standard library written in a mixture of C and native Python. It is available for many platforms, including <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> and most modern <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems. Platform portability was one of its earliest priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-69_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-69-100">[100]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_implementations">Other implementations</span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a> is a fast, compliant<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-70_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-70-101">[101]</a></sup> interpreter of Python 2.7 and 3.5. Its <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compiler</a> brings a significant speed improvement over CPython.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-71_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-71-102">[102]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a> is a significant fork of CPython that implements <a href="/wiki/Microthread" title="Microthread">microthreads</a>; it does not use the C memory stack, thus allowing massively concurrent programs. PyPy also has a stackless version.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-73_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-73-103">[103]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a> and <a href="/wiki/CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">CircuitPython</a> are Python 3 variants optimised for <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Unsupported_implementations">Unsupported implementations</span></h3>
<p>Other just-in-time Python compilers have been developed, but are now unsupported:
</p>
<ul><li>Google began a project named <a href="/wiki/Unladen_Swallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Unladen Swallow">Unladen Swallow</a> in 2009 with the aim of speeding up the Python interpreter fivefold by using the <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>, and of improving its multithreading ability to scale to thousands of cores.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-74_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-74-104">[104]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psyco" title="Psyco">Psyco</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time</a> <a href="/wiki/Run-time_algorithm_specialisation" title="Run-time algorithm specialisation">specialising</a> compiler that integrates with CPython and transforms bytecode to machine code at runtime. The emitted code is specialised for certain <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a> and is faster than standard Python code.</li></ul>
<p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> released a Python interpreter for the <a href="/wiki/Series_60" class="mw-redirect" title="Series 60">Series 60</a> mobile phones named <a href="/wiki/PyS60" class="mw-redirect" title="PyS60">PyS60</a>. It includes many of the modules from the CPython implementations and some additional modules to integrate with the <a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> operating system. The project has been kept up-to-date to run on all variants of the S60 platform, and several third-party modules are available. The Nokia <a href="/wiki/N900" class="mw-redirect" title="N900">N900</a> also supports Python with <a href="/wiki/GTK" class="mw-redirect" title="GTK">GTK</a> widget libraries, enabling programs to be written and run on the target device.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cross-compilers_to_other_languages">Cross-compilers to other languages</span></h3>
<p>There are several compilers to high-level <a href="/wiki/Object_language" title="Object language">object languages</a>, with either unrestricted Python, a restricted subset of Python, or a language similar to Python as the source language:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a> compiles into Java byte code, which can then be executed by every <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a> implementation. This also enables the use of Java class library functions from the Python program.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a> follows a similar approach in order to run Python programs on the .NET <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/RPython" class="mw-redirect" title="RPython">RPython</a> language can be compiled to <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_bytecode" title="Java bytecode">Java bytecode</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Language" title="Common Intermediate Language">Common Intermediate Language</a>, and is used to build the PyPy interpreter of Python.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyjs" title="Pyjs">Pyjs</a> compiles Python to <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a> compiles Python to <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>.</li>
<li>Pythran compiles Python to <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>.</li>
<li>Somewhat dated <a href="/wiki/Pyrex_(programming_language)" title="Pyrex (programming language)">Pyrex</a> (latest release in 2010) and <a href="/wiki/Shed_Skin" title="Shed Skin">Shed Skin</a> (latest release in 2013) compile to C and C++ respectively.</li>
<li>Google's Grumpy compiles Python to <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MyHDL" title="MyHDL">MyHDL</a> compiles Python to <a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuitka" title="Nuitka">Nuitka</a> compiles Python into C++ <sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Performance">Performance</span></h3>
<p>A performance comparison of various Python implementations on a non-numerical (combinatorial) workload was presented at EuroSciPy '13.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Development">Development</span></h2>
<p>Python's development is conducted largely through the <i>Python Enhancement Proposal</i> (PEP) process, the primary mechanism for proposing major new features, collecting community input on issues and documenting Python design decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-PepCite000_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PepCite000-108">[108]</a></sup> Outstanding PEPs are reviewed and commented on by the Python community and Guido Van Rossum, Python's <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_Dictator_For_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Benevolent Dictator For Life">Benevolent Dictator For Life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PepCite000_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PepCite000-108">[108]</a></sup>
</p><p>Enhancement of the language corresponds with development of the CPython reference implementation. The mailing list python-dev is the primary forum for the language's development. Specific issues are discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Roundup_(issue_tracker)" title="Roundup (issue tracker)">Roundup</a> <a href="/wiki/Bug_tracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug tracker">bug tracker</a> maintained at python.org.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-21_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-21-109">[109]</a></sup> Development originally took place on a <a href="/wiki/Self-hosted" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-hosted">self-hosted</a> source-code repository running <a href="/wiki/Mercurial" title="Mercurial">Mercurial</a>, until Python moved to <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> in January 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-py_dev_guide_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-py_dev_guide-110">[110]</a></sup>
</p><p>CPython's public releases come in three types, distinguished by which part of the version number is incremented:
</p>
<ul><li>Backward-incompatible versions, where code is expected to break and need to be manually <a href="/wiki/Ported" class="mw-redirect" title="Ported">ported</a>. The first part of the version number is incremented. These releases happen infrequently—for example, version 3.0 was released 8 years after 2.0.</li>
<li>Major or "feature" releases, about every 18 months, are largely compatible but introduce new features. The second part of the version number is incremented. Each major version is supported by bugfixes for several years after its release.<sup id="cite_ref-release-schedule_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-release-schedule-111">[111]</a></sup></li>
<li>Bugfix releases, which introduce no new features, occur about every 3 months and are made when a sufficient number of bugs have been fixed upstream since the last release. Security vulnerabilities are also patched in these releases. The third and final part of the version number is incremented.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-22_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-22-112">[112]</a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Many <a href="/wiki/Beta_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta release">alpha, beta, and release-candidates</a> are also released as previews and for testing before final releases. Although there is a rough schedule for each release, they are often delayed if the code is not ready. Python's development team monitors the state of the code by running the large <a href="/wiki/Unit_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit test">unit test</a> suite during development, and using the <a href="/wiki/BuildBot" class="mw-redirect" title="BuildBot">BuildBot</a> <a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">continuous integration</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-23_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-23-113">[113]</a></sup>
</p><p>The community of Python developers has also contributed over 86,000<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup> software modules (as of 20 August 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) to the <a href="/wiki/Python_Package_Index" title="Python Package Index">Python Package Index</a> (PyPI), the official repository of third-party Python libraries.
</p><p>The major <a href="/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">academic conference</a> on Python is <a href="/wiki/PyCon" class="mw-redirect" title="PyCon">PyCon</a>. There are also special Python mentoring programmes, such as <a href="/wiki/Pyladies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyladies">Pyladies</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Naming">Naming</span></h2>
<p>Python's name is derived from the British comedy group <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a>, whom Python creator Guido van Rossum enjoyed while developing the language. Monty Python references appear frequently in Python code and culture;<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial-chapter1_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial-chapter1-115">[115]</a></sup> for example, the <a href="/wiki/Metasyntactic_variable" title="Metasyntactic variable">metasyntactic variables</a> often used in Python literature are <a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" title="Spam (Monty Python)"><i>spam</i> and <i>eggs</i></a> instead of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Foobar" title="Foobar"><i>foo</i> and <i>bar</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial-chapter1_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial-chapter1-115">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-26_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-26-116">[116]</a></sup> The official Python documentation also contains various references to Monty Python routines.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup>
</p><p>The prefix <i>Py-</i> is used to show that something is related to Python. Examples of the use of this prefix in names of Python applications or libraries include <a href="/wiki/Pygame" title="Pygame">Pygame</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">binding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a> to Python (commonly used to create games); <a href="/wiki/PyQt" title="PyQt">PyQt</a> and <a href="/wiki/PyGTK" title="PyGTK">PyGTK</a>, which bind <a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a> and <a href="/wiki/GTK" class="mw-redirect" title="GTK">GTK</a> to Python respectively; and <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, a Python implementation originally written in Python.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software" title="List of Python software">List of Python software</a></div>
<p>Since 2003, Python has consistently ranked in the top ten most popular programming languages in the <a href="/wiki/TIOBE_Programming_Community_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="TIOBE Programming Community Index">TIOBE Programming Community Index</a> where, as of January 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it is the fourth most popular language (behind <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> It was selected Programming Language of the Year in 2007 and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-34_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-34-120">[120]</a></sup>
</p><p>An empirical study found that scripting languages, such as Python, are more productive than conventional languages, such as C and Java, for programming problems involving string manipulation and search in a dictionary, and determined that memory consumption was often "better than Java and not much worse than C or C++".<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-28_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-28-121">[121]</a></sup>
</p><p>Large organizations that use Python include <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-quotes-about-python_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotes-about-python-122">[122]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-29_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-29-123">[123]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-30_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-30-124">[124]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-31_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-31-125">[125]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup> and some smaller entities like <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">ILM</a><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-32_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-32-128">[128]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/ITA_Software" title="ITA Software">ITA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-33_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-33-129">[129]</a></sup> The social news networking site <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> is written entirely in Python.
</p><p>Python can serve as a <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> for <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a>, e.g., via <a href="/wiki/Mod_wsgi" title="Mod wsgi">mod_wsgi</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Apache_web_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache web server">Apache web server</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-35_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-35-130">[130]</a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Web Server Gateway Interface</a>, a standard API has evolved to facilitate these applications. <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web frameworks</a> like <a href="/wiki/Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">Django</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pylons_(web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pylons (web framework)">Pylons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid (web framework)">Pyramid</a>, <a href="/wiki/TurboGears" title="TurboGears">TurboGears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web2py" title="Web2py">web2py</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornado_(web_server)" title="Tornado (web server)">Tornado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">Flask</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bottle_(web_framework)" title="Bottle (web framework)">Bottle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zope" title="Zope">Zope</a> support developers in the design and maintenance of complex applications. <a href="/wiki/Pyjs" title="Pyjs">Pyjs</a> and <a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a> can be used to develop the client-side of Ajax-based applications. <a href="/wiki/SQLAlchemy" title="SQLAlchemy">SQLAlchemy</a> can be used as <a href="/wiki/Data_mapper_pattern" title="Data mapper pattern">data mapper</a> to a relational database. <a href="/wiki/Twisted_(software)" title="Twisted (software)">Twisted</a> is a framework to program communications between computers, and is used (for example) by <a href="/wiki/Dropbox_(service)" title="Dropbox (service)">Dropbox</a>.
</p><p>Libraries such as <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a>, <a href="/wiki/SciPy" title="SciPy">SciPy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matplotlib" title="Matplotlib">Matplotlib</a> allow the effective use of Python in scientific computing,<sup id="cite_ref-cise_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cise-131">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-millman_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millman-132">[132]</a></sup> with specialized libraries such as <a href="/wiki/Biopython" title="Biopython">Biopython</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astropy" title="Astropy">Astropy</a> providing domain-specific functionality. <a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">mathematical software</a> with a "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_Notebook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronic Notebook (page does not exist)">notebook</a>" programmable in Python: its library covers many aspects of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics">combinatorics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numerical_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical mathematics">numerical mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>.
</p><p>Python has been successfully embedded in many software products as a scripting language, including in <a href="/wiki/Finite_element_method" title="Finite element method">finite element method</a> software such as <a href="/wiki/Abaqus" title="Abaqus">Abaqus</a>, 3D parametric modeler like <a href="/wiki/FreeCAD" title="FreeCAD">FreeCAD</a>, 3D animation packages such as <a href="/wiki/3ds_Max" class="mw-redirect" title="3ds Max">3ds Max</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_4D" title="Cinema 4D">Cinema 4D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightwave">Lightwave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houdini_(software)" title="Houdini (software)">Houdini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (software)">Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modo_(software)" title="Modo (software)">modo</a>, <a href="/wiki/MotionBuilder" class="mw-redirect" title="MotionBuilder">MotionBuilder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Softimage" title="Autodesk Softimage">Softimage</a>, the visual effects compositor <a href="/wiki/Nuke_(software)" title="Nuke (software)">Nuke</a>, 2D imaging programs like <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Inkscape" title="Inkscape">Inkscape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scribus" title="Scribus">Scribus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paint_Shop_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Paint Shop Pro">Paint Shop Pro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-38_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-38-134">[134]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> programs like <a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">scorewriter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capella_(notation_program)" title="Capella (notation program)">capella</a>. <a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GNU Debugger</a> uses Python as a <a href="/wiki/Prettyprint" title="Prettyprint">pretty printer</a> to show complex structures such as C++ containers. <a href="/wiki/Esri" title="Esri">Esri</a> promotes Python as the best choice for writing scripts in <a href="/wiki/ArcGIS" title="ArcGIS">ArcGIS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-39_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-39-135">[135]</a></sup> It has also been used in several video games,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-40_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-40-136">[136]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-41_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-41-137">[137]</a></sup> and has been adopted as first of the three available <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">Google App Engine</a>, the other two being <a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-42_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-42-138">[138]</a></sup> Python is also used in <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_trading" title="Algorithmic trading">algorithmic trading</a> and quantitative finance.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup> Python can also be implemented in APIs of online brokerages that run on other languages by using wrappers.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup>
</p><p>Python has been used in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> projects.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-43_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-43-141">[141]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-44_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-44-142">[142]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-45_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-45-143">[143]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-46_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-46-144">[144]</a></sup> As a scripting language with <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular architecture</a>, simple syntax and rich text processing tools, Python is often used for <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-47_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-47-145">[145]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many operating systems include Python as a standard component. It ships with most <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>, <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, and can be used from the command line (terminal). Many Linux distributions use installers written in Python: <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Ubiquity_(software)" title="Ubiquity (software)">Ubiquity</a> installer, while <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)" title="Fedora (operating system)">Fedora</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_(installer)" title="Anaconda (installer)">Anaconda</a> installer. <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo Linux</a> uses Python in its <a href="/wiki/Package_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Package management system">package management system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portage_(software)" title="Portage (software)">Portage</a>.
</p><p>Python is used extensively in the <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a> industry, including in exploit development.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-49_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-49-146">[146]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-50_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-50-147">[147]</a></sup>
</p><p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_(software)" title="Sugar (software)">Sugar</a> software for the <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Child" title="One Laptop per Child">One Laptop per Child</a> XO, now developed at <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Labs" title="Sugar Labs">Sugar Labs</a>, is written in Python.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-51_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-51-148">[148]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a> <a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">single-board computer</a> project has adopted Python as its main user-programming language.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> includes Python, and intends to replace Java with Python. Its Python Scripting Provider is a core feature<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup> since Version 4.0 from 7 February 2013.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages_influenced_by_Python">Languages influenced by Python</span></h2>
<p>Python's design and philosophy have influenced many other programming languages:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a> uses indentation, a similar syntax, and a similar object model.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-90_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-90-150">[150]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a> uses indentation and a similar syntax, and its "Acknowledgements" document lists Python first among languages that influenced it.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-91_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-91-151">[151]</a></sup> However, Cobra directly supports <a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">design-by-contract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">unit tests</a>, and optional <a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static typing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-92_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-92-152">[152]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>, a programming language that cross-compiles to JavaScript, has Python-inspired syntax.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a> borrowed <a href="/wiki/Iterator" title="Iterator">iterators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Generator (computer science)">generators</a> from Python.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-93_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-93-153">[153]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> is designed for the "speed of working in a dynamic language like Python"<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-94_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-94-154">[154]</a></sup> and shares the same syntax for slicing arrays.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a> was motivated by the desire to bring the Python design philosophy to <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-95_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-95-155">[155]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a> was designed "with <a href="/wiki/Hygienic_macro" title="Hygienic macro">true macros</a> [.. and to be] as usable for general programming as Python [and] should be as fast as C".<sup id="cite_ref-Julia_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julia-21">[21]</a></sup> Calling to or from Julia is possible; to with PyCall.jl and a Python package pyjulia allows calling, in the other direction, from Python.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a> is a functional programming language with an interactive shell similar to python. However, Kotlin is strongly typed with access to standard Java libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>'s creator, <a href="/wiki/Yukihiro_Matsumoto" title="Yukihiro Matsumoto">Yukihiro Matsumoto</a>, has said: "I wanted a scripting language that was more powerful than Perl, and more object-oriented than Python. That's why I decided to design my own language."<sup id="cite_ref-linuxdevcenter_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linuxdevcenter-157">[157]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>, a programming language developed by Apple, has some Python-inspired syntax.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gdscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Gdscript">GDScript</a>, dynamically typed programming language used to create video-games. It is extremely similar to Python with a few minor differences.</li></ul>
<p>Python's development practices have also been emulated by other languages. For example, the practice of requiring a document describing the rationale for, and issues surrounding, a change to the language (in Python, a PEP) is also used in <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-99_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-99-159">[159]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-100_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-100-160">[160]</a></sup>
</p><p>Python received TIOBE's Programming Language of the Year awards in 2007 and 2010. The award is given to the language with the greatest growth in popularity over the year, as measured by the <a href="/wiki/TIOBE_index" title="TIOBE index">TIOBE index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-101_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-101-161">[161]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Free software">Free software portal</a></span></li>
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" width="32" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/48px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/64px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Python_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Python programming">Python programming portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Python" title="History of Python">History of Python</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_integrated_development_environments_for_Python" class="mw-redirect" title="List of integrated development environments for Python">Comparison of integrated development environments for Python</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">List of programming languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pip_(package_manager)" title="Pip (package manager)">pip (package manager)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Off-side_rule" title="Off-side rule">Off-side rule</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-guttag-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guttag_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guttag_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Guttag, John V. (2016-08-12). <i>Introduction to Computation and Programming Using Python: With Application to Understanding Data</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52962-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52962-4">978-0-262-52962-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Computation+and+Programming+Using+Python%3A+With+Application+to+Understanding+Data&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2016-08-12&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52962-4&rft.aulast=Guttag&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Deily, Ned (28 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-370/?hn">"Python 3.7.0 is now available"</a>. <i>Python Insider</i>. The Python Core Developers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Python+Insider&rft.atitle=Python+3.7.0+is+now+available&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft.aulast=Deily&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdownloads%2Frelease%2Fpython-370%2F%3Fhn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Peterson, Benjamin (1 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.python.org/2018/05/python-2715-released.html">"Python 2.7.15 released"</a>. <i>Python Insider</i>. The Python Core Developers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Python+Insider&rft.atitle=Python+2.7.15+released&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.python.org%2F2018%2F05%2Fpython-2715-released.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0483/">"PEP 483 -- The Theory of Type Hints"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Python.org&rft.atitle=PEP+483+--+The+Theory+of+Type+Hints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0483%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">File extension .pyo was removed in Python 3.5. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0488/">PEP 0488</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Holth, Moore (30 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0441/">"PEP 0441 -- Improving Python ZIP Application Support"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PEP+0441+--+Improving+Python+ZIP+Application+Support&rft.date=2014-03-30&rft.aulast=Holth&rft.aufirst=Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0441%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/3035842/python-boss-guido-van-rossum-steps-down-after-30-years">"Python boss Guido van Rossum steps down after 30 years | TheINQUIRER"</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.theinquirer.net">http://www.theinquirer.net</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theinquirer.net&rft.atitle=Python+boss+Guido+van+Rossum+steps+down+after+30+years+%7C+TheINQUIRER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theinquirer.net%2Finquirer%2Fnews%2F3035842%2Fpython-boss-guido-van-rossum-steps-down-after-30-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">External link in <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|website=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-About-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-About_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/about">"About Python"</a>. Python Software Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Python&rft.pub=Python+Software+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>, second section "Fans of Python use the phrase "batteries included" to describe the standard library, which covers everything from asynchronous processing to zip files."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/license.html">"History and License"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+and+License&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Flicense.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> "All Python releases are Open Source"</span>
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<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-12-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-12_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation mailinglist"><a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">van Rossum, Guido</a> (29 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2000-August/008881.html">"SETL (was: Lukewarm about range literals)"</a>. <i>Python-Dev</i> (Mailing list)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SETL+%28was%3A+Lukewarm+about+range+literals%29&rft.date=2000-08-29&rft.aulast=van+Rossum&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmail.python.org%2Fpipermail%2Fpython-dev%2F2000-August%2F008881.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-93-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-93_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082650/http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=proposals:iterators_and_generators">"Proposals: iterators and generators [ES4 Wiki]"</a>. wiki.ecmascript.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=proposals:iterators_and_generators">the original</a> on 20 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposals%3A+iterators+and+generators+%5BES4+Wiki%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=wiki.ecmascript.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.ecmascript.org%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dproposals%3Aiterators_and_generators&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-94-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-94_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kincaid, Jason (10 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2009/11/10/google-go-language/">"Google's Go: A New Programming Language That's Python Meets C++"</a>. TechCrunch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Google%E2%80%99s+Go%3A+A+New+Programming+Language+That%E2%80%99s+Python+Meets+C%2B%2B&rft.date=2009-11-10&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2009%2F11%2F10%2Fgoogle-go-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-95-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-95_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Strachan, James (29 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radio.weblogs.com/0112098/2003/08/29.html">"Groovy – the birth of a new dynamic language for the Java platform"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Groovy+%E2%80%93+the+birth+of+a+new+dynamic+language+for+the+Java+platform&rft.date=2003-08-29&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradio.weblogs.com%2F0112098%2F2003%2F08%2F29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/tutorials/command-line.html">"Working with the Command Line Compiler - Kotlin Programming Language"</a>. <i>Kotlin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotlin&rft.atitle=Working+with+the+Command+Line+Compiler+-+Kotlin+Programming+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotlinlang.org%2Fdocs%2Ftutorials%2Fcommand-line.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-linuxdevcenter-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-linuxdevcenter_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html">"An Interview with the Creator of Ruby"</a>. Linuxdevcenter.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+the+Creator+of+Ruby&rft.pub=Linuxdevcenter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxdevcenter.com%2Fpub%2Fa%2Flinux%2F2001%2F11%2F29%2Fruby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Lattner" title="Chris Lattner">Lattner, Chris</a> (3 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nondot.org/sabre">"Chris Lattner's Homepage"</a>. Chris Lattner<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2014</span>. <q>I started work on the Swift Programming Language in July of 2010. I implemented much of the basic language structure, with only a few people knowing of its existence. A few other (amazing) people started contributing in earnest late in 2011, and it became a major focus for the Apple Developer Tools group in July 2013 [...] drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU, and far too many others to list.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chris+Lattner%27s+Homepage&rft.pub=Chris+Lattner&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.aulast=Lattner&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnondot.org%2Fsabre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-99-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-99_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kupries, Andreas; Fellows, Donal K. (14 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/3.html">"TIP #3: TIP Format"</a>. <i>tcl.tk</i>. Tcl Developer Xchange<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tcl.tk&rft.atitle=TIP+%233%3A+TIP+Format&rft.date=2000-09-14&rft.aulast=Kupries&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Fellows%2C+Donal+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftct%2Ftip%2F3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-100-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-100_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gustafsson, Per; Niskanen, Raimo (29 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erlang.org/eeps/eep-0001.html">"EEP 1: EEP Purpose and Guidelines"</a>. erlang.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EEP+1%3A+EEP+Purpose+and+Guidelines&rft.pub=erlang.org&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft.aulast=Gustafsson&rft.aufirst=Per&rft.au=Niskanen%2C+Raimo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erlang.org%2Feeps%2Feep-0001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-101-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-101_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiobe.com/index.php/content/paperinfo/tpci/">"TIOBE Programming Community Index for March 2012"</a>. TIOBE Software. March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TIOBE+Programming+Community+Index+for+March+2012&rft.pub=TIOBE+Software&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiobe.com%2Findex.php%2Fcontent%2Fpaperinfo%2Ftpci%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul><li><cite class="citation book">Downey, Allen B. (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/html/"><i>Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist</i></a> (Version 1.6.6 ed.). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72596-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72596-5">978-0-521-72596-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Think+Python%3A+How+to+Think+Like+a+Computer+Scientist&rft.edition=Version+1.6.6&rft.date=2012-05&rft.isbn=978-0-521-72596-5&rft.aulast=Downey&rft.aufirst=Allen+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenteapress.com%2Fthinkpython%2Fhtml%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation news">Hamilton, Naomi (5 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229095320/http://www.computerworld.com.au/index.php/id%3B66665771">"The A-Z of Programming Languages: Python"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com.au/index.php/id;66665771">the original</a> on 29 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=The+A-Z+of+Programming+Languages%3A+Python&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com.au%2Findex.php%2Fid%3B66665771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Lutz, Mark (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920028154.do"><i>Learning Python</i></a> (5th ed.). O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-15806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-15806-4">978-0-596-15806-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+Python&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-596-15806-4&rft.aulast=Lutz&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshop.oreilly.com%2Fproduct%2F0636920028154.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Pilgrim, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diveintopython.net"><i>Dive Into Python</i></a>. Apress. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-356-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-356-1">978-1-59059-356-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dive+Into+Python&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59059-356-1&rft.aulast=Pilgrim&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiveintopython.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Pilgrim, Mark (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017050617/http://www.diveintopython3.net/"><i>Dive Into Python 3</i></a>. Apress. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-2415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-2415-0">978-1-4302-2415-0</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diveintopython3.net">the original</a> on 2011-10-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dive+Into+Python+3&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4302-2415-0&rft.aulast=Pilgrim&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiveintopython3.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Summerfield, Mark (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qtrac.eu/py3book.html"><i>Programming in Python 3</i></a> (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-68056-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-68056-3">978-0-321-68056-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+in+Python+3&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-321-68056-3&rft.aulast=Summerfield&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qtrac.eu%2Fpy3book.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;">
<div style="padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;">Find more about<b style="display:block;">Python (programming language)</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a>
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<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Python_(programming_language)" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Python (programming language)">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Python" class="extiw" title="q:Python">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span>
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</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="27" height="24" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/41px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/54px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Python" class="extiw" title="v:Python">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</span>
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<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python">Python</a> at Curlie (based on <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a>)</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Programming_languages&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Comparison&#10;*_Timeline&#10;*_History">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Groovy" title="Apache Groovy">Groovy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> (JS)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic .NET</a> (VB.NET)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></i></li></ul>
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<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></b></li>
<li><img alt="List-Class article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <b>Lists</b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Python" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Python_(programming_language)" title="Template:Python (programming language)"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Python_(programming_language)" title="Template talk:Python (programming language)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Python_(programming_language)&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Python" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">CircuitPython</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CLPython" title="CLPython">CLPython</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Numba" title="Numba">Numba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psyco" title="Psyco">Psyco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Python_for_S60" title="Python for S60">Python for S60</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shed_Skin" title="Shed Skin">Shed Skin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unladen_Swallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Unladen Swallow">Unladen Swallow</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software#Python_implementations" title="List of Python software">more</a>...</i></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Python-logo-notext.svg" class="image"><img alt="Python-logo-notext.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/55px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png" width="55" height="55" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/83px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/110px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="110" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments#Python" title="Comparison of integrated development environments">Boa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Python_IDE" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Python IDE">Eric Python IDE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IDLE_(Python)" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLE (Python)">IDLE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PyCharm" title="PyCharm">PyCharm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PyDev" title="PyDev">PyDev</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stani%27s_Python_Editor" title="Stani's Python Editor">SPE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ninja-IDE" title="Ninja-IDE">Ninja-IDE</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_integrated_development_environments_for_Python#Python" class="mw-redirect" title="List of integrated development environments for Python">more</a>...</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">WSGI</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software" title="List of Python software">software (list)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Python_Conference" title="Python Conference">PyCon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Python_web_frameworks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Python_web_frameworks" title="Template:Python web frameworks"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Python_web_frameworks" title="Template talk:Python web frameworks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Python_web_frameworks&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Python_web_frameworks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">web frameworks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zope#BlueBream" title="Zope">BlueBream</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_(web_framework)" title="Bottle (web framework)">Bottle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CherryPy" title="CherryPy">CherryPy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">Django</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">Flask</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(web_framework)" title="Grok (web framework)">Grok</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nagare_(web_framework)" title="Nagare (web framework)">Nagare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nevow" title="Nevow">Nevow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyjs" title="Pyjs">Pyjs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pylons_project#Pylons_Framework" title="Pylons project">Pylons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pylons_project#Pyramid" title="Pylons project">Pyramid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quixote_(web_framework)" title="Quixote (web framework)">Quixote</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spyce_(software)" title="Spyce (software)">Spyce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TACTIC_(web_framework)" title="TACTIC (web framework)">TACTIC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_(web_server)" title="Tornado (web server)">Tornado</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TurboGears" title="TurboGears">TurboGears</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twisted_(software)" title="Twisted (software)">TwistedWeb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Webware_for_Python" title="Webware for Python">Webware</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Web2py" title="Web2py">web2py</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zope#Zope_2" title="Zope">Zope 2</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Python_web_frameworks" title="Category:Python web frameworks">more</a></i>...</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:FOSS&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source_code_hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source code hosting facilities">Comparison of source code hosting facilities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_collaborative_software#Open_source_software" title="List of collaborative software">Collaboration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver#Open_drivers" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_geophysics_software" title="Comparison of free geophysics software">Geophysics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_programming_language_licensing" title="Comparison of open-source programming language licensing">Programming languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_packages#Open-source_statistical_packages" title="List of statistical packages">Statistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_web_applications" title="List of free software web applications">Web applications</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_content_management_systems#Open_source_software" title="List of content management systems">Content management systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_word_processors#Free_and_open-source_software" title="List of word processors">Word processors</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trademarked_open-source_software" title="List of trademarked open-source software">Trademarked</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organizations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" title="Free software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boost_Software_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Boost Software License">Boost</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license#Zero_/_public_domain" title="Creative Commons license">CC0</a></li>
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<ul>
<li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Python_(programming_language)" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming" hreflang="en">Wikibooks</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="en">Wikiversity</a></li> </ul>
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<div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label">
<h3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</h3>
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<ul>
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeertaal)" title="Python (programmeertaal) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmiersprache)" title="Python (Programmiersprache) – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%86" title="بايثون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8" title="পাইথন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(proqramla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1rma_dili)" title="Python (proqramlaşdırma dili) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پایتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE)" title="পাইথন (প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Python (мова праграмавання) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" title="Python (programski jezik) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeringssprog)" title="Python (programmeringssprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmiersprache)" title="Python (Programmiersprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeerimiskeel)" title="Python (programmeerimiskeel) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programlingvo)" title="Python (programlingvo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(informatika)" title="Python (informatika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="پایتون (زبان برنامهنویسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(langage)" title="Python (langage) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8(%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE)" title="પાયથોન(પ્રોગ્રામિંગ ભાષા) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%8D%AC" title="파이썬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8" title="पाइथन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" title="Python (programski jezik) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(bahasa_pemrograman)" title="Python (bahasa pemrograman) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(linguage_de_programmation)" title="Python (linguage de programmation) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(forritunarm%C3%A1l)" title="Python (forritunarmál) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פייתון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="პითონი (პროგრამირების ენა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lingua_programmandi)" title="Python (lingua programmandi) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/paiton" title="paiton – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programoz%C3%A1si_nyelv)" title="Python (programozási nyelv) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Пајтон (програмски јазик) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BA_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" title="പൈത്തൺ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ്ങ് ഭാഷ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="पायथॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeertaal)" title="Python (programmeertaal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पाइथन प्रोग्रामिङ्ग भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_(%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE)" title="ପାଇଥନ୍ (ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମିଂ ଭାଷା) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%86_(%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C)" title="پائیتھن (کمپیوٹر بولی) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93" title="ផាយថុន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmeerspraak)" title="Python (Programmeerspraak) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmin_leid)" title="Python (programmin leid) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="පයිතන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="Python (programovací jazyk) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" title="Python (programski jezik) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86_(%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C)" title="پایتن (زمانی بەرنامەسازی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Пајтон (програмски језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_programski_jezik" title="Python programski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(ohjelmointikieli)" title="Python (ohjelmointikieli) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programspr%C3%A5k)" title="Python (programspråk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(wikang_pamprograma)" title="Python (wikang pamprograma) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programlama_dili)" title="Python (programlama dili) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%86_(%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="پائیتھن (پروگرامنگ زبان) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li 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